I roto i te rautau roa o te hiahia ki te pikinga waro me te noho kore waro, kei te rapu kaha ngā whenua o te ao i te whakatupuranga hou o te hangarau pūngao, me te hangarau matomato.haukinikei te arotahi te ao whānui i ēnei rā. Ki te whakatauritea ki te hauwai, kei te whānui haere te haukini mai i te mara tongi ahuwhenua tuku iho ki te mara pūngao nā te mea he pai rawa atu mō te rokiroki me te kawe.

I kī a Faria, he tohunga nō Te Whare Wānanga o Twente i te Netherlands, nā te pikinga o ngā utu waro, ko te haukini matomato pea te kingi o ngā wahie wai ā muri ake nei.

Nā, he aha rawa te haukini matomato? He aha te āhua o tōna whanaketanga? He aha ngā āhuatanga tono? He ōhanga?

Te haukini matomato me tōna āhua whanaketanga

Ko te hauwai te rauemi matua mōhaukinite whakaputanga. Nō reira, e ai ki ngā tukunga waro rerekē i roto i te tukanga whakaputa hauwai, ka taea hoki te whakarōpū i te haukini ki ngā wāhanga e whā e whai ake nei mā te tae:

hinahaukiniHe mea hanga mai i te pūngao pūmua tuku iho (hau māori me te waro).

Haukini kikorangi: Ka tangohia te hauwai mata mai i ngā wahie pūmua, engari ka whakamahia te hangarau hopu me te rokiroki waro i roto i te tukanga whakamahine.

Haukini kikorangi-kakariki: Ka pakaru te haukini i te tukanga whakapūkara methane hei hauwai me te waro. Ko te hauwai i kohia mai i te tukanga ka whakamahia hei rauemi mata hei whakaputa haukini mā te whakamahi i te hiko matomato.

Haukinia matomato: Ko te hiko matomato e whakaputaina ana e te pūngao hou pēnei i te hau me te pūngao o te rā ka whakamahia hei whakakorikori i te wai hei whakaputa hauwai, kātahi ka hangaia te haukinia mai i te hauota me te hauwai i te rangi.

Nā te mea ka puta he hauota me he wai i muri i te tahunga i te haukini matomato, ā, kāore e puta he hauhā waro, ka kiia te haukini matomato he wahie "kore-waro" me tētahi o ngā puna pūngao ma nui a meake nei.

Te matomato o te aohaukiniKei te tīmatanga tonu te mākete. Mai i te tirohanga ā-ao, ko te rahi o te mākete haukini matomato e tata ana ki te US$36 miriona i te tau 2021, ā, e matapaetia ana ka eke ki te US$5.48 piriona i te tau 2030, me te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te 74.8%, he nui te kaha. E matapaetia ana e Yundao Capital ka neke atu i te 20 miriona tana te hanga haukini matomato ā-tau i te tau 2030, ā, ka neke atu i te 560 miriona tana i te tau 2050, e 80% neke atu i te hanga haukini o te ao.

I te marama o Hepetema 2023, neke atu i te 60 ngā kaupapa haukini matomato kua whakatinanahia puta noa i te ao, me te katoa o te kaha whakaputa kua whakaritea neke atu i te 35 miriona tana/tau. Ko ngā kaupapa haukini matomato o tāwāhi e horahia ana i Ahitereiria, Amerika ki te Tonga, Ūropi me te Rawhiti o Waenganui.

Mai i te tau 2024, kua tere te whanaketanga o te umanga haukini matomato ā-rohe i Haina. E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti, mai i te tau 2024, neke atu i te 20 ngā kaupapa haukini hauwai matomato kua whakatairangahia. Kua whakangaohia e Envision Technology Group, China Energy Construction, State Power Investment Corporation, State Energy Group, me ētahi atu, tata ki te 200 piriona yuan ki te whakatairanga i ngā kaupapa haukini matomato, ka tukuna he nui o te kaha whakaputa haukini matomato a meake nei.

Ngā horopaki tono o te haukini matomato

Hei pūngao ma, he maha ngā whakamahinga o te haukini matomato ā muri ake nei. Haunga ngā whakamahinga ahuwhenua me ngā ahumahi tuku iho, kei roto hoki i tēnei ko te whakakotahitanga o te whakaputa hiko, te wahie kaipuke, te whakapūmau waro, te rokiroki hauwai me ētahi atu mara.

1. Ahumahi kaipuke

E 3% ki te 4% o ngā tukunga hauhā o te ao e puta mai ana i ngā kaipuke. I te tau 2018, i whakatinanahia e te International Maritime Organization tētahi rautaki tuatahi mō te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, me te whakaaro kia tae ki te tau 2030, ka whakaitihia ngā tukunga waro kaipuke o te ao mā te 40% pea i whakaritea ki te tau 2008, ā, ka whai kia whakaitihia mā te 70% i te tau 2050. Hei whakatutuki i te whakaiti me te tango waro i roto i te umanga kaipuke, ko te whakakapi i te pūngao pūmua hei whakakapi i ngā wahie ma te huarahi hangarau tino whai hua.

E whakaponohia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga kaipuke ko te haukini matomato tētahi o ngā wahie matua mō te tango waro i roto i te umanga kaipuke ā muri ake nei.

I matapaetia i roto i te Lloyd's Register of Shipping, i waenganui i te tau 2030 me te tau 2050, ka piki te ōwehenga o te haukini hei wahie kaipuke mai i te 7% ki te 20%, ka whakakapia te hau māori wai me ētahi atu wahie hei wahie kaipuke tino nui.

2. Ahumahi whakaputa hiko

ĀmoniaKāore te mura e whakaputa i te CO2, ā, ka taea e te mura i konatunatua ki te haukini te whakamahi i ngā whare tipu hiko waro o nāianei, me te kore e nui ngā whakarerekētanga ki te tinana o te pōro. He tikanga whai hua tēnei hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga hauhā waro i roto i ngā tipu hiko waro.

I te 15 o Hūrae, i whakaputa te National Development and Reform Commission me te National Energy Administration i te "Mahere Mahi mō te Whakawhiti Waro-iti me te Hanganga o te Mana Waro (2024-2027)", i whakaaro ai i muri i te whakawhitiwhiti me te hanganga, me whai kaha ngā waeine hiko waro ki te whakaranu i te neke atu i te 10% o te haukini matomato me te tahu waro. Kua tino heke te whakapaunga me ngā taumata tukunga waro. Ka kitea ko te whakaranu i te haukini, te haukini parakore rānei ki ngā waeine hiko wera he huarahi hangarau nui mō te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro i roto i te mara whakaputa hiko.

He kaiwhakatairanga nui a Hapani mō te whakaputa hiko tahunga whakaranu haukini. I te tau 2021, i whakatakoto a Hapani i te "Mahere Ara mō te Wahie Haukini Hapani 2021-2050", ā, ka oti te whakaaturanga me te manatoko i te 20% wahie haukini whakaranu i roto i ngā tipu hiko wera i te tau 2025; i te pakeketanga o te hangarau whakaranu haukini, ka piki ake tēnei ōwehenga ki te neke atu i te 50%; i te tau 2040 pea, ka hangaia he tipu hiko haukini parakore.

3. Kaikawe rokiroki hauwai

Ka whakamahia te haukini hei kaikawe rokiroki hauwai, ā, me haere i roto i ngā tukanga hanga haukini, te whakawaiwai, te kawe, me te tango anō i te hauwai hau. Kua pakari te tukanga katoa o te hurihanga haukini-hauwai.

I tēnei wā, e ono ngā huarahi matua mō te penapena me te kawe hauwai: te penapena me te kawe i ngā rango pēhanga teitei, te kawe hau pēhanga i roto i ngā paipa, te penapena me te kawe hauwai wai pāmahana iti, te penapena me te kawe rauropi wai, te penapena me te kawe haukini wai, me te penapena me te kawe hauwai totoka whakarewa. I roto i ēnei, ko te penapena me te kawe haukini wai ko te tango hauwai mā te hanga haukini, te waimeha, te kawe, me te whakahau anō. Ka waimeha te haukini i te -33°C, 1MPa rānei. Neke atu i te 85% te utu mō te hauwai/whakakorenga hauwai. Kāore e pāngia e te tawhiti kawe, ā, he pai mō te rokiroki me te kawe hauwai nui i ngā tawhiti waenga me te tawhiti, inā koa te kawe moana. Ko tētahi o ngā huarahi tino whai hua mō te penapena me te kawe hauwai i ngā rā kei te heke mai.

4. Ngā rauemi mata matū

Hei tongi hauota matomato pea, hei rauemi mata matua hoki mō ngā matū matomato, ka taea te whakamahi hei tongihaukinika tino whakatairanga i te whanaketanga tere o ngā mekameka ahumahi "haukini matomato + tongi matomato" me te "matū haukini matomato".

Ki te whakatauritea ki te haukini hangai i hangaia mai i te pūngao pūmua, e matapaetia ana kāore e taea e te haukini matomato te whakataetae whai hua hei rauemi mata matū i mua i te tau 2035.