I te tau 2018, i eke te mākete hau hiko o te ao mō ngā ara iahiko whakauru ki te US$4.512 piriona, he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau o te 16%. Nā te tere tipu nui o te umanga hau motuhake hiko mō ngā hau ā-ira me te rahi o te mākete i tere ake ai te mahere whakakapinga ā-whare mō te hau motuhake hiko!
He aha te hau irahiko?
Ko te hau hiko e pā ana ki te rauemi pūtake taketake e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā haurua-ira, ngā whakaaturanga papatahi, ngā diode rama-whakaputa, ngā pūtau rā me ētahi atu hua hiko, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te horoi, te whakairo, te hanga kiriata, te tāpiri i ngā matū me ētahi atu tukanga. Ko ngā wāhi matua o te whakamahinga o te hau hiko ko te umanga hiko, ngā pūtau rā, ngā whakawhitiwhitinga waea pūkoro, te whakatere waka me ngā pūnaha oro me te ataata waka, te rererangi, te umanga hōia me te maha atu o ngā mara.
E whitu ngā wāhanga o te hau hiko motuhake, e ai ki tōna hanganga matū: te silicon, te arsenic, te phosphorus, te boron, te metal hydride, te halide me te metal alkoxide. E ai ki ngā tikanga whakamahinga rerekē i roto i ngā ara iahiko whakauru, ka taea te wehewehe ki te hau doping, te hau epitaxy, te hau implantation ion, te hau light-emitting diode, te hau etching, te hau chemical colour putunga me te hau taurite. Neke atu i te 110 ngā hau motuhake e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga semiconductor, neke atu i te 30 o ēnei e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea e te umanga hanga hau hiko kia rua ngā momo: ngā hau noa me ngā hau motuhake. I roto i ēnei, ko te hau e whakamahia whānuitia ana e pā ana ki te tuku pokapū me te whakamahi i te nui o te hau, pērā i te N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, me ētahi atu. Ko te hau motuhake e pā ana ki ētahi hau matū e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga hanga hau hiko, pērā i te toronga, te werohanga katote, te whakaranu, te horoi, me te hanga kopare, koinei te mea e kiia nei e tātou ko te hau hiko motuhake, pērā i te SiH4, PH3, AsH3, B2H6, N2O, NH3, SF6, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, HCl, Cl2, me ētahi atu.
I roto i te tukanga whakaputa katoa o te umanga hau hiko, mai i te tipu maramara ki te takai taputapu whakamutunga, tata ki ia hononga e kore e taea te wehe i te hau hiko motuhake, me te momo hau e whakamahia ana me ngā whakaritenga kounga teitei, no reira he rauemi hau hiko. "Kai".
I ngā tau tata nei, kua piki ake te kaha whakaputa o ngā wāhanga hiko matua o Haina pērā i ngā haurua-ā-ira me ngā papa whakaatu, ā, he nui te tono mō te whakakapinga kawemai o ngā rauemi matū hiko. Kua piki haere te tūranga o ngā hau hiko i roto i te umanga haurua-ā-ira. Ka tere te tipu o te umanga hau hiko ā-rohe.
He tino teitei ngā whakaritenga mō te parakore o te hau hiko motuhake, nā te mea ki te kore te parakore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, ka ngāwari te hanga e ngā rōpū poke pērā i te mamaoa wai me te hāora i roto i te hau hiko motuhake he kiriata waikura ki runga i te mata o te hau haurua-ā-ira, ka pā ki te roa o te mahi a ngā taputapu hiko, ā, kei roto i te hau hiko motuhake ngā matūriki poke ka taea te whakararu i ngā ara iahiko poto me te ara iahiko. Ka taea te kī he mea nui te whakapai ake i te parakore ki te hua me te mahi a te hanga taputapu hiko.
I te whanaketanga tonu o te umanga haurua-irahiko, kei te whakapai tonu te tukanga hanga maramara, ā, kua tae ki te 5nm, e tata ana ki te whakatata atu ki te rohe o te Ture a Moore, e rite ana ki te kotahi-rua tekau o te diameter o te makawe tangata (tata ki te 0.1 mm). Nō reira, ka whakatairangahia hoki e tēnei he whakaritenga teitei ake mō te parakore o te hau motuhake hiko e hangaia ana e ngā haurua-irahiko.
Te wā tuku: Hakihea-15-2021
